Читать онлайн книгу "IT как оружие. Какие опасности таит в себе развитие высоких технологий"

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???????? IT-????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ????, ? ??????? IT-???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????, ??? ????? ????????????? ?? ???????. ??????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????????. ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???????????? ???????? Microsoft, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ????? IT-??????????, ? ???????????? ? ????? ???? ?? ???????. ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????????????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???, ? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??????. ? ?? ????, ??? IT-???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ????, ? ??????? ??? ????????? ????.





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??2019 by Bradford L. Smith

????????? ?? ??????? ?????, ???????, ??????????. ??? ???????? ????????, 2021



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???????????, ??????????????? ? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ?????, ?? ??????, ?????????? ? ?????????, ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ? ?????? (??????????????) ?????, ??? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????, ???????????????? ? ??????????? ???????????????.


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??????? ? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????.

???? ????????????? ? ??????? ??????? Microsoft ? 1993??., ?????? ??-?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? 1990-? ??. ?? ????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ????????, ??????????????? ?????????????? ???. ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????????????. ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????, ? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????????????? ????????.

?? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????: ?? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ????????? Microsoft. ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????.

?? ???? ???????? Microsoft ? ???????? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ? ????????? ??????? ????????????: ?????? ?? ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????.

????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? Microsoft, ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ? ????????, ? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????. ???䠖 ?????, ? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????, ? ??, ???? ??????????? ??????????? ? ???????????, ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???, ??? ??? ?? (? ??? ??????????). ? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????????, ?????????, ? ?????? ???? ? ???????????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????, ???????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????.

? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ??, ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? Microsoft. ?? ?????????, ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ? ??????, ??? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????, ?? ? ??? ??????? ? ?????. ? ???? ? ???-?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????, ????????????? ??? ? ?????????????????, ?????????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

??? ?? ?????????? ? ???? ?????, ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ??????? (? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ? ????? ??????-?????? ?????? ????? ??????????). ?? ?????????, ??? Microsoft ? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ? ????????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ? ?????? ???????. ? ??? ??? ? ???????? ??????????, ??? ? ???? ??? ????? ? ??????????.

??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????. ????????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ???????? ? ?????. ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? c ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????????????

? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????, ??? ??, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 20???? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ? ???????.

???????, ????????, ????????, ????????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ???. ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????. ????? ??????????? ????????-???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????????

???? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????, ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????????. ?????????, ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????, ????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ? ????????? ? ??????????????? ?? ????? ????. ????????, ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?? ???????, ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ????????????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????, ??? ? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ? ?????.

? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ????????????????? ? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????, ?????????? ? ????? ?????????????? ??????????, ?? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ? ??????. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??????. ? ????? ???????, ?????????????, ???????? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????. ? ?????頖 ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ???, ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????, ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????.

??? ???????? ? ?????, ???? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ???????, ???????, ??????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ?? ????????. ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???, ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????, ?? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ????? 1812??. ?????? ? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????????.

??? ??? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ???? ? ???????????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????, ????? ????? ???????.

?? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????젖 ????? ? ?? ??????????? ?????. ? ??????? ? ??-???????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ????????. ???????? ??? ???? ? ?????????, ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ? ?????????, ??????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????????.

???????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????. ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ? ?????????, ??????????? ?????? ????????????, ? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ? ? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???????????? ???????????, ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????.



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??????? ???????????? ???????? ? ??? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ??????, ??????, ????????? ? ?????????????.

???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????????, ?? ? ?? ????? ?????????????? ????? ? ??????.

?? ? ????? ???????? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????: ??????????? ???????, ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????[1 - ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????-??????. ???, ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????????????? ???????? ? 2300??. ?? ?.??. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ???? 2000 ???????? ???????? ? ????????????????? ????????. ? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ? ????????, ? ????? ?????, ?????????? ?????, ?????? ? ????????. Lionel Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 3?4. ???????? ???????????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ???.? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????????, ??????? ? ??????? ???????-???????????? ??????, ????? ? ??????????? ?, ???????, ? ????. ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????. ? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ?????????? ???????? ? 300??. ?? ?.??., ????????? 490?000 ???????. Casson, Libraries, 36. ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ? 121??. ?.??. ????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ? ??????????. James W. P. Campbell, The Library: A World History (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013), 95.]. ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ????????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????????, ?? ? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ???????. ???????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ?? ????????? ??????, ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????, ??? ? ?? ?????????.

????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???. ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????. ? ?????? XX??. ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ???????????[2 - ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????. ? 1898??. ?????? ??????, ????????????? ?????????? ??????, ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????. ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ????????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ?????, ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????.??? ????? ??????? ????????????, ????? ???? ????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ????? ??????頖 ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????. ?? ??????????? ? ????? ?? ????????????? ? ??????????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???????, ? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????, ?? ???????? ????????. ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. James Ward, The Perfection of the Paper Clip: Curious Tales of Invention, Accidental Genius, and Stationery Obsession (New?York: Atria Books, 2015), 255?56.].

???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????, ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????, ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????, ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ??????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? XXI??. ??? ?????????????. ???????? ?????, ????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ? ??????, ??????????? ???????? ????????????????. ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ?????????????, ??????? ?? ???????.

? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ? 25???? ????????? ??, ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ??????[3 - David Reinsel, John Gantz, and John Rydning, Data Age 2025: The Digitization of the World From Edge to Core (IDC White Paper?? #US44413318, Sponsored by Seagate), November 2018, 6, https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/our-story/trends/files/idc-seagate-dataage-whitepaper.pdf (https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/our-story/trends/files/idc-seagate-dataage-whitepaper.pdf).]. ??? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? (??? ??) ?? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ?????-???? ??????.

???????? ??????????????, ? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ???????????, ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ? ??? ? ???-?? ?????? ? ?????????, ??????, ? ??????? ???? ????,?? ??? ????????. ?????? ???, ????? ?? ?????????????? ???-?????? ?? ????? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????-?????ࠖ ???????????? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????.

??????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???????? ????-?????, ?? ??????? ????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???.

????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????, ??? ????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????. ?? ????????? ???????? ? 240??? ? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? 90. ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????[4 - ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????. ????? 60?% ???????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????.?? ????. ???.]. ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????-?????? ??????????. ?????? ????????????? ? ?????? ????????????????????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???? ????, ??????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????. ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????????????, ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????-????. ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ????-???????, ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????[5 - Jo?o Marques Lima, "Data centres of the world will consume 1/5 of Earth's power by 2025," Data Economy, December 12, 2017, https://data-economy.com/data-centres-world-will-consume-1?5-earths-power-2025/ (https://data-economy.com/data-centres-world-will-consume-1%E2%80%935-earths-power-2025/).].

? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????????? ??????, ??????????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????. ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????, ????????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? Microsoft ? ?????????? Columbia Data Center.

??????? ????-?????? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????, ? ??? ????????? ? 20 ???????? ????? ???????? 185?000???. ?. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????????. ? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????-?????? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ????? 6?? ? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? 2000 ?????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????-?????? ? ??????? 48??????, ? ? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ? ????? ??????????? ????-??????? Microsoft, ???????? ? ???????, ???? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ???????????? ???????????. ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????-?????? ???????, ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????????????? ?????-????.

?????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????????? ? 230?000 ? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? 240 ?. ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ? ????? ???????, ???? ?? ??????, ?????????????, ??????? ?? ??, ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ? ??????? ???????????, ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????. ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????-?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ?? 5000 ?????????????. ??? ????????? ??? ???????. ??-??????, ?????? ??????????????. ? ??-??????, ? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????-?????? ?? ??????? ???????????.

??? ???? ????? ????????????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????, ??? ???? ??????????????? ????? ???, ??? ??????????? ? ??????????, ? ??? ????????? ? ????堖 ? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? Microsoft, ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????. ?? ??????? ? ????????? ????????, ? ?? ???? ????????????? ???????? ?????. ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ? ???????????? ?? ????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????.

???????, ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ???, ???? ???? ?????????????? ?????, ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????. ? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ???, ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????. ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????.

???-?? ??? ???????? ? ???? ?????, ? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????, ????????, ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????, ? ????????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ????????? ? ??????, ?????? ? ?????????????. ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???????????. ????? ???????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??.

? ?????? ?????? ????-?????? ????????? ????? ?????????, ????????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????????? ???????, ? ?????? ?????????????? ???, ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?, ????? ???????, ?????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ??????.

????? ?? ?????????, ??? ????????????? ???????, ?????????? ? ??? ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ??????. ????? ?? ?????????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???, ?????????????? ????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. Microsoft ????????? ? ???, ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ????-??????????, ? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?????-?? ????????????? ???????. ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????????, ?????? ? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????, ? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????????.

?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????-??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????????. ?????????????? ?????????, ??? ? ??????? ????-?????? ???? ??????, ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????. ??????? ??????, ????????????? ???????????, ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????????, ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????. ? ?????? ?????????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????-????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ?? ???????????. ?????, ????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????, ????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????-????? ?? ???.

??????? ? ???????????? Microsoft ????????? ????? 100 ??????????? ? ???????????? ????-??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ? 20 ??????? (? ?? ????? ??????). ???????? ????????????? 200 ??????-???????? ? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? 140 ? ?????? ??????.

????? ? ? 1993??. ?????? ??????? ???????? ? Microsoft, ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????. ?????????? Microsoft ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???, ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ?????????. ???? ? ???, ??? ? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????.

?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ? ???????? ????, ??? Microsoft ???????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????????????? ????????. ? 2004??. ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ?????????? Giant Company Software. ????? ????????? ? ???, ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????????? ? ???????. ????? ????????? Microsoft ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????. ?? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????[6 - Ryan Naraine, "Microsoft Makes Giant Anti-Spyware Acquisition," eWEEK, December 16, 2004, http://www.eweek.com/news/microsoft-makes-giant-anti-spyware-acquisition (http://www.eweek.com/news/microsoft-makes-giant-anti-spyware-acquisition).].

????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ????-???????, ? ?????? ????????? ? Giant Company Software. ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ????, ??? ?????-?? ??????? ???? ? ???. ???????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????. ?? ???????? ????????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????,?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????, ????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????????, ?????????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????. ???, ??????, ?????? ???????. ????????????? ????-??????? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ????????. ? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????????, ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ? ???????????? ???????. ??????????? ?????????? ????-??????, ???????, ??????? ????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ???????????. ??????, ????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????-?????? ?????????, ?? ????????? ???????.

?? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????-????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???, ? ??????? ??????? ???. ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ? ????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????, ??????????????? ???????? ? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????????????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???, ? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ????

????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ?????????? ????? ??????, ? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????, ? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ???????.

??????? ???? ????????, ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ? ?? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????-?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ? ???? ???? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ? ?????? ??????????, ??? ? ? ??????? ??????.

??? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????. ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ???????. ?? ???? ??????? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????. ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????, ? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????, ???????????? ? ?????? ????????. ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ??, ? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ????????. ? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????.

? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ? ???? ??????????????? ????????. ??? ???????????? ? ???, ??? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ?????, ?? ? ? ?????, ???????? ? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ??, ????? ??????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????.

??? ????????????????? ?????, ??????? ? Microsoft ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ? ????? ? ??????? ?????????. ???????????? ??????? ??? ? 20 ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????, ??????? ????????? Microsoft ?? ????????? ??????. ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????, ??? ???????????? ??????? Windows ??????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????????? ?????????????.

???? ??? ??????? ???????? Microsoft ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ??? ??? ???????, ???????????? ? ???? ??????????? ???????. ????? ? 2002??. ????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ???? ? ??????-??????????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????????[7 - ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????? Microsoft ???????? ??????????, ??? ??? ??????, ??????? ??, ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????, ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? 2000-? ??. ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? 2009??. ?????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????????. European Commission, "Antitrust: Commission Accepts Microsoft Commitments to Give Users Browser Choice," December 16, 2009, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-09?1941_en.htm (http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-09%E2%80%931941_en.htm).? ????? ?????????????? ????????????? ? ???? ?????? Microsoft ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ???????????. ??????????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ? ???? 1990??., ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??, ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????, ???????????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? Windows. Andrew I. Gavil and Harry First, The Microsoft Antitrust Cases: Competition Policy for the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2014). ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????, ? ????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ?????? 28???? ??????, 21???????? 2018??. ? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? 27 ???????, ? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????, ??????? ? ?????????? ????????.???? ??? ??????????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????????, ??? ?????? ??????. ? 1999??., ????? Microsoft ????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? XX??., ? ??? ????? ? ????, ??? ???????? ? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????, ??? Standard Oil, U. S. Steel, IBM ? AT&T, ?.??. ???, ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????. ????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????? AT&T ? 1913??., ?, ???? ? ? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?? 1982??., ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???. ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? IBM ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ? 1932??. ????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ? 1984??. ??? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ????, ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? IBM ??????? ?? ????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???. Tom Buerkle, "IBM Moves to Defend Mainframe Business in EU," New?York Times, July 8, 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/business/worldbusiness/IHT-ibm-moves-to-defend-mainframe-business-in-eu.html (https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/business/worldbusiness/IHT-ibm-moves-to-defend-mainframe-business-in-eu.html).????????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ? ???, ??? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ? ???, ??? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ? ????????, ????????? ??????????? ? ???? ? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ???????????????.], ? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ???????? ??? ????, ??????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???.

?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????????? ? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ????????, ??? ???? ???????????? ? ??????? ? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ??????, ? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ????. ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????.

??????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ??????, ??? 20???? ?????. ?? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????, ??? ? ????????. ? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ? ?????頖 ????????? ??????? ????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????.

????????, ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????, ?????? ??????????, ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? Microsoft. ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????, ?? ???????? ?????? ???????: ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???, ?? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ???????, ????????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????, ? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????, ????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ?? ???????.

?? ????? ????? ???????? ? ??????: ??????-????????? ?? ? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ????????. ?????????? ????????? ????????????????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????, ??? ??? ?????????? ????, ? ???????????? ???? ? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ???????. ???????????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????-???? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ????????. ?????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ? ??????????蠖 ??????????????, ? ?????????????? ???? ? ?????? ? ? ??????????????? ???????. ????? ??????, ????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ??????????.

???????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????. ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? 1700-? ??. ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????, ???????, ???????? ?? ???? ????????????, ????? ????????? ????????. ? ???? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??, ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????.

? ???????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ???????????? ? ???????????????? ???? ????????. ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ? ???? ??????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???, ????? ????????? ????????????, ? ?????????? ? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????.




????? 1

?????????? ??????:

??? ???? ?? ??????


????? 6????? 2013??. ?????????, ???? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ??-?? ???????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? Microsoft. ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????????? ??????-????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ? ?????? ? ??? ? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????.

??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????. ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????????, ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????, ?????????? ?? ????? ? ??????????????? ? ????????????. ? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ??????????? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???. ? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????????, ?? ? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????.

?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????? Microsoft/PRISM. ? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? PRISM ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????. ? ?????, ?????? ??????????, ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? Microsoft.

?????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????. ??? ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????, ??????? ???-??? ??????????.

?????? ???????????????? ???, ??? ?????? The Guardian ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ? PRISM?? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ????,?? ???? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???.

????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????ꠖ ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? The Guardian. ????????????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????????? Microsoft ? ???????, ? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????, ??????? ???????, ??????? ? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????: ?????????? ??????????.

? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????????, ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ????. ??? ???????: ???? ????????????? ??????????, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ? ??? ??? ????????? ????????????. ?? ?????, ????? ?? ???????? ??? ? 18:00 ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???????, ??? ??????????????? 15:00 ? ??????.

? ???????????? The Guardian ?????? ????????? ?????????, ?? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????頖 Microsoft, Yahoo, Google, Facebook, Paltalk, YouTube, Skype, AOL ? Apple?? ????? ????????? ? ???????????? ????????? PRISM, ??????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????, ?????, ?????, ??????????? ? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????.

?????? ???????? ?? ???䠖 ?? ?????? ? ??? ??????, ?? ? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????,?? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? ??????????? ?, ???????????? ????? ??? ?????????, ???????? ????? ?? ????????, ??????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ???????????, ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ???????, ???????????? ? ?? ???? ? The Guardian. ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????, ????????? ?? ????????????? ????????????????????? ??????? Verizon ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ????????????? ???????[8 - Glenn Greenwald, "NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily," Guardian, June 6, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order).]. ??????????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????-????????? ? ????-????, ???? ????????,?? ???????????, ??????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????. ? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????????, ?????????? ?? ????, ????????? ??? ???-?? ??????????????? ??? ???.

???? ???-?? ? Microsoft ? ??? ???-?????? ????? ? PRISM, ??? ??? ???? ?????, ???????????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ?????????, ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???? ? ????.

?????? ?????????????? ? ??????????, ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? The Guardian ? ???????? ????????. ???? ????, ?? ??????????? ?? ?????, ????????? ? ????, ?? ??????? ????? ??????, ? ???-?? ????? ?????: ????? ?????-??. ??? ??? ?? ????????????? ????????????????.

????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????, ? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ???? ????????, ??? ??? ????????. Microsoft ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ??????頖 ? ?????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???.

????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????????, ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????, ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????, ?????????? ?????????? The Guardian. ????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??????????, ?? ??? ?????? ??????,?? ?????? ????.

??, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????. ? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????. ?? Microsoft?? ???????? ????????. ????? ????, ??? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????-???? ???????????

?? ???? ???????? ??, ??????, ?????? ??????????, ????????? ????????, ??? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????, ???????????? ? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????. ? ?????????, ??????? ??? ???????? The Guardian, ?? ????????? ????? ? ???????.

????? ? Microsoft ??????? ?? ?????? ? PRISM. The Guardian ?? ?????? ??????????, ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ? ???. ?? ?????????? ? ????? ????????? ? ????? ????, ?? ? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??, ??? ????? ????????? ??????????. ? ????? ?????? ? ???????: ?????????, ?? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ????????? ????????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ??????? ? ???.

?????????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????????, ? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????.

? 15:00 ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? The Guardian ???????? ???? ???????? ???????: ?????????? PRISM ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????????? Apple, Google ? ?????? ????????[9 - Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill, "NSA Prism Program Taps In to User Data of Apple, Google and Others," Guardian, June 7, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data).]. ???????-?? ?? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? ????????????? PRISM?? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? (Planning Tool for Resource Integration, Synchronization and Management?? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ????????, ????????????? ? ???????????)[10 - Benjamin Dreyfuss and Emily Dreyfuss, "What Is the NSA's PRISM Program? (FAQ)," CNET, June 7, 2013, https://www.cnet.com/news/what-is-the-nsas-prism-program-faq/ (https://www.cnet.com/news/what-is-the-nsas-prism-program-faq/).]. ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????-?? ???????????? ????????. ?? ?????? ???, ??? ????????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, ??????????? ?????, ??????-?????????, ?????????? ? ?????[11 - ?????? ???????, ??????? ??? ? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????, ???????????? ??? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????, ????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. Robert O'Harrow Jr., Ellen Nakashima, and Barton Gellman, "U.S., Company Officials: Internet Surveillance Does Not Indiscriminately Mine Data," Washington Post, June 8, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-company-officials-internet-surveillance-does-not-indiscriminately-mine-data/2013/06/08/5b3bb234-d07d-11e2?9f1a-1a7cdee20287_story.html?utm_term=.b5761610edb1 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-company-officials-internet-surveillance-does-not-indiscriminately-mine-data/2013/06/08/5b3bb234-d07d-11e2%E2%80%939f1a-1a7cdee20287_story.html?utm_term=.b5761610edb1).].

? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? The Guardian ? ??????????? ?????????? ? The Washington Post ???????? ???? ???. ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? Microsoft ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????.

???? ????? ???? ??????: ?????? ?? ????

???????? ???? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????. ?? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ??? ????????????? ????????????????. ?????? ????? ??? ??? The Guardian ???????????? ??? ???? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????, ??? ? ??????. ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????[12 - Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill, and Laura Poitras, "Edward Snowden: The Whistleblower Behind the NSA Surveillance Revelations," Guardian, June 11, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance).], ?????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????.

???? ?????????? ???????? 29-?????? ????????? Booz Allen Hamilton, ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????[13 - Michael B. Kelley, "NSA: Snowden Stole 1.7 Million Classified Documents and Still Has Access to Most of Them," Business Insider, December 13, 2013, https://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-docs-did-snowden-take-2013?12 (https://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-docs-did-snowden-take-2013%E2%80%9312).], ? 20???? 2013??. ?? ??????? ? ???????, ??? ???????? ? ???????????? The Guardian ? The Washington Post ? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????[14 - Ken Dilanian, Richard A. Serrano, and Michael A. Memoli, "Snowden Smuggled Out Data on Thumb Drive, Officials Say," Los Angeles Times, June 13, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/13/nation/la-na-nsa-leaks-20130614 (http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/13/nation/la-na-nsa-leaks-20130614).].

? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ? ?????. ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ? PowerPoint ?? 41 ??????, ??????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????????, ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????. ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ? ?????????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????[15 - Nick Hopkins, "UK Gathering Secret Intelligence Via Covert NSA Operation," Guardian, June 7, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/07/uk-gathering-secret-intelligence-nsa-prism (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/07/uk-gathering-secret-intelligence-nsa-prism); ??.?????? Mirren Gidda, "Edward Snowden and the NSA Files?? Timeline," Guardian, August 21, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/23/edward-snowden-nsa-files-timeline (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/23/edward-snowden-nsa-files-timeline).].

??? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ?????, ? ?? ??? ?????????. ??? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????. ????? ?? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ????-?????? ? ??????, ???????? ? XVIII??. ?? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????????????? ?? ????? ???????. ???????, ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ??????????. ??? ????? ???? ?????.

???? ????? ???, ???????, ????? ????젖 ? ??????????젖 ????????? ?????? ???????. ? 1760-? ??. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????-????????, ?? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? (?? ??? ????? ?????????? ??). ? ?????? 1763??. ????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????????????? ????? ? ????????? ???????, ????????????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ? ????? ? ???? ???????, ?????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ? ? ????? ?????.

???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????, ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? 14 ???????????? ? ????[16 - William J. Cuddihy, The Fourth Amendment: Origins and Meaning, 1602?1791 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 441.]. ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ?????, ????????? ? ????? ????????? 49????????, ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ??????[17 - ??? ??, ?. 442.]. ? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????, ????? ???????? ????, ?? ???? ??? ?????????: ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????.

?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???, ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????. ? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????????, ? ??? ??, ??? ????????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ????????????, ???????? ?????????????: ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????. ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?????, ???? ???????????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????, ? ? ???????, ????? ????? ????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????. ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ????????? ????? ? ???, ??? ???? ??????????ࠖ ??? ????????, ? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????, ? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????[18 - ??? ??, ?. 459.].

?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????, ? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????????蠖 ? ????????蠖 ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ??????. ? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? 1760-? ??. ???????? ???? ?????, ???????? ????? ???? ????? 25???? ? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????, ??????? ??????? ?????. ? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????????, ?? ?? ??????, ???????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ?? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ???????????[19 - Frederick S. Lane, American Privacy: The 400-Year History of Our Most Contested Right (Boston: Beacon Press, 2009),].

???? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????[20 - David Fellman, The Defendant's Rights Today (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), 258.]. ???? ?? ??????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????. ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ???????, ??? ??? ???????? ? ??? ????? ??????[21 - William Tudor, The Life of James Otis, of Massachusetts: Containing Also, Notices of Some Contemporary Characters and Events, From the Year 1760 to 1775 (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1823), 87?88. ????? ?????????, ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ????????????? ? ??????????? 2????? 1776??. ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????, ????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????. Brad Smith, "Remembering the Third of July," Microsoft on the Issues (blog), Microsoft, July 3, 2014, https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2014/07/03/remembering-the-third-of-july/ (https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2014/07/03/remembering-the-third-of-july/).]. ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ??? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ???????? ????, ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????????[22 - David McCullough, John Adams (New?York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 62. William Cranch, Memoir of the Life, Character, and Writings of John Adams (Washington, DC: Columbian Institute, 1827), 15. ?????????????, ??? ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ? ???????. ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ? 2014??., ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????, ????????? ?? ?????????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????????????. Riley v. California, 573 U.S. _ (2014), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/13?132_8l9c.pdf (https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/13%E2%80%93132_8l9c.pdf), at 27?28. ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ? 2018??., ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ????????. Carpenter v. United States, No. 16?402, 585 U.S. (2017), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16?402_h315.pdf (https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16%E2%80%93402_h315.pdf), at 5.].

????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? 13????, ????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????. ? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ? ???-????, ??? ?? ????-????? ? 1789??. ??????? ???????? ???????? ???. ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????????, ?????????? ????????????? ?? ????? ? ??????[23 - Thomas K, Clancy, The Fourth Amendment: Its History and Interpretation (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2014), 69?74.]. ?? ??????? ? ???? ??, ??? ? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???, ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????, ??????, ?????????? ? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?, ????? ???????, ????????? ????????????? ????? ???????[24 - ??????????? ???, ???????? IV.]. ? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ?? ????, ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ?????, ???????????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????[25 - Brent E. Turvey and Stan Crowder, Ethical Justice: Applied Issues for Criminal Justice Students and Professionals (Oxford: Academic Press, 2013), 182?83.].

?? ???????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ? 1800-? ??. ????? ????, ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?? ????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????. ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????????????? ? ????, ??? ?????????? ? ?? ???????????? ???????[26 - Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727 (1878).]. ? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????.

?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????-?? ???. ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???-?? ????? ????????? ??????????, ? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????, ?? ???? ????????? ? ??????, ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????????????????, ????????????? ????????? ?????????[27 - Cliff Roberson, Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice, second edition (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2016), 50; Clancy, The Fourth Amendment, 91?104.].

??????????? ?????????? ????-?????? ? ?? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????????, ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????.

????? 2013??. ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????, ??????????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????????????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ????????, ???????????? ? ???????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ????, ??? ????????? ????????? ??????. ? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????. ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????????,?? ?????????? ???????.?? ??? ????????: "???????, ???-?? ?? ??? ????. ???? Microsoft, ???? ?????? ???????"?.

????????? The Guardian ? PRISM ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????[28 - Charlie Savage, "Government Releases Once- Secret Report on Post-9/11 Surveillance," New?York Times, April 24, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/25/us/25stellarwind-ig-report.html (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/25/us/25stellarwind-ig-report.html).], ??? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? 11????????? 2001??. ????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ???????.

Microsoft, ??? ? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????, ?????????????? ????? ????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????. ??????? ???? ???????? 11????????? ??????? ??? ???????. ???????????? ???? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ? ????, ? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ?????. ??? ???? ????????? ?????. ?????? ????????, ??? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????.

?????? ? ???????????? ??? ? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ???????ࠖ ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????????, ? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????????.

??? ? ????????? PRISM, ??????? ??? ????? 11????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ??????: ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????

??? ???? ????? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????. ??????????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ????????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ????????, ??? ?????? ? ???????????? ? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???. ? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????, ??? ? ??? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ?????????. ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???.

???? ? 2002??. ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ? ? ????? ????? ???????????, ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????. ? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????.

? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? 10 ? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ???? ? 1798??., ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????. ???????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????, ??????????????? ?? ? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????, ????????? ????? 300 ???????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????[29 - Terri Diane Halperin, The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Testing the Constitution (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2016), 42?43.]. ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ??????, ? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????, ???????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ? ??????????. ????????, ??? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????, ??????? ??????-?????? ??????????????, ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ?????, ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ? ????????????????? ? ??????. ??? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???????????, ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ? ???? ????????????[30 - ??? ??, ?. 59?60.].

???????? 60???? ??????, ?? ????? ??????????? ?????, ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????. ????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????????????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????, ???????? ????? ??-??? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? 15?000 ???????????[31 - David Greenberg, "Lincoln's Crackdown," Slate, November 30, 2001, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/11/lincoln-s-suspension-of-habeas-corpus.html (https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/11/lincoln-s-suspension-of-habeas-corpus.html).].

?????? ????? ????????????? ????-??????? ? 1942??. ??? ???????? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ? ??????????? 120?000 ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????, ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ????, ????? ? ???????????, ? ?? ?????? ?????????[32 - T.?A. Frail, "The Injustice of Japanese-American Internment Camps Resonates Strongly to This Day," Smithsonian, January 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/injustice-japanese-americans-internment-camps-resonates-strongly-180961422/ (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/injustice-japanese-americans-internment-camps-resonates-strongly-180961422/).].

???? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????????, ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ??????, ??? ????, ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????????????, ????????? ??????????. ? ???? ????? ??????, ? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????: ???? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? 10???? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????, ??? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????????

????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????, ? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ?? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????蠖 ? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????

?? ???? ???? ????? 2013??. ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????-???????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????, ??????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ? ??????????????? ????????. ????????????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????, ???????? ????? ??? ???????????. ? ?????????? ????? ???????????, ? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????.

????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ?????, ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ? ?????????. ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ? ?????????, ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????. ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??, ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????蠖 ??????????? ?????, ??????????, ?????????? ? ????????? ????????頖 ??????-?????????.

????????? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ???????????, ????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????, ??? ? 1930-? ??. ????????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????, ? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????? ????????, ??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ? ?? ???????????? ????? ???????????. ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????????. ?????? ? ??????? ?? ?????? 1930-? ??. ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????, ? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????.

?? ???? ?????????? ? 2013??. ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????????, ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????. ?? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????, ? ????? ?????????, ????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ? ??????, ?????????? ???????????? ????????????. ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????, ??? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ??????????, ??????????? ? ?????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ????????? ?????????.

? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??, ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????: ?????? ? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ??????. ??? ????????, ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????????, ? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ????????? ? ???????????????? ???????????, ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????????, ??? FISC.

FISC?? ??? ??????????? ???, ????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????, ????????????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ? ????????. ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????. ?????? ???????????, ???????? FISC ? ???????????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????????, ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????, ?? ? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ???????? ? ???????????, ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????.

?????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ? Google. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ? ??????, ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????. Google ????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? Windows. Microsoft ????????? ?? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????????? Google. ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ??????, ???????? ????????????? Google. ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????.

?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????????????. ? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????, ???????? ??????????, ???? ?? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???????????? ? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ??????????? ???????????? Xbox, ? ??????? ????????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ??? ???. ? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ??????????? ????????, ???????, ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ???? Halo ??????, ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????.

???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????, ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ? ?????. ?????? ?? ? ????????? ????? ????: ???????? ????????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????, ?? ? ?? ???????? ??. ?? ?? ???????? ???? ? ????? ???? ??????????, ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????.

?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ??????????????? ?????????????, ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????. ????????, ??? ?? ?????? ? ??????????????, ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????. ? ??? ????????? ???????????, ??? ? ??? ? ??? ??-??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????. ? ????? 2013??. ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ? ??????????????? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ????.

? 30???????? ?????? The Washington Post ???????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????: ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????, ??? ????? ???????????? ? ?????? Yahoo ? ????-??????? Google ?? ????? ????[33 - Barton Gellman and Ashkan Soltani, "NSA Infiltrates Links to Yahoo, Google Data Centers Worldwide, Snowden Documents Say," Washington Post, October 30, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-infiltrates-links-to-yahoo-google-data-centers-worldwide-snowden-documents-say/2013/10/30/e51d661e-4166?11e3?8b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.5c2f99fcc376 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-infiltrates-links-to-yahoo-google-data-centers-worldwide-snowden-documents-say/2013/10/30/e51d661e-4166%E2%80%9311e3%E2%80%938b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.5c2f99fcc376).]. ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ? ???? ? ?????? ??? ? ??? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? The Daily Princetonian ? ???????????? ????????????, ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ? ?????? ??????????, ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????????-?????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? Yahoo ? Google. ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????????, ???????????? ?? ??? ? ? ????? ???????, ? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????? ???????????[34 - "Evidence of Microsoft's Vulnerability," Washington Post, November 26, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/world/evidence-of-microsofts-vulnerability/621/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/world/evidence-of-microsofts-vulnerability/621/).]. ?? ???????????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????. ????????????? ??? ? ?????????????? ??? ? ?? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????.

? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ? ???????????. ? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ???????? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????. ???? ??? ????????????? ???, ?? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.

? ?????? The Washington Post ???????????, ??? ??? ? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????, ???????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ??????????, ??????, ?????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????. ?? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ??? ? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????. ?? ???? ?????????, ???, ???????? ?? ????????? ???, ?????, ??? ???????????, ?????????? ????????? ?????????, ?? ???? ?? ????????????????.

??????? Microsoft ? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????????????. ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???, ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????, ???????????? ?? ?????????-?????????? ???????, ? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????-???????[35 - Craig Timberg, Barton Gellman, and Ashkan Soltani, "Microsoft, Suspecting NSA Spying, to Ramp Up Efforts to Encrypt Its Internet Traffic," Washington Post, November 26, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/microsoft-suspecting-nsa-spying-to-ramp-up-efforts-to-encrypt-its-internet-traffic/2013/11/26/44236b48?56a9?11e3?8304-caf30787c0a9_story.html?utm_term=.69201c4e9ed8 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/microsoft-suspecting-nsa-spying-to-ramp-up-efforts-to-encrypt-its-internet-traffic/2013/11/26/44236b48%E2%80%9356a9%E2%80%9311e3%E2%80%938304-caf30787c0a9_story.html?utm_term=.69201c4e9ed8).]. ??? ??? ???????????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????⠖ ?????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ??????, ????????????? ????? ????????, ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ? ????????? ??.

?????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?? ?? ???????堖 ?????? ?? ???? ? ?? ??. ??? ??????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????-?????? ? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????, ? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ??????????, ?????? ?????????? ????????, ?? ??? ?? ?????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? Microsoft ???? ?????? ? ????????? ???-????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????. ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??????????????? ????????.

? ??????, ? ????? ??????? ???? ???????, ? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ? ????? Westin Seattle, ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??? Microsoft.

? ????????, ??? ? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ? ????????, ????????? ? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ???? ? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????. ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????, ? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???. ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ? ??????? ? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????: ??????? ?? ??, ??? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????, ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????.

? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ? The Washington Post ?????? ? ???, ??? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????????????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????.

??? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????. ? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????.

? ????? ?? ?????? ????.

?? ??????, ?? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ?????????, ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ??????, ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ???????????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????, ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????. ???????? ???????????? ???????, ??????? ??, ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????, ??????? ? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????????? ???????????, ??, ???? ?? ?????, ????????????? ? ???? ?? ??????????????. ? ????????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????.

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

? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????, ? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? Apple ??? ???, ???????????? ?????? ?????????? Google ???? ?????, ???????????? ???????? Facebook ????? ????????, ??????????? ???????? Netflix ??? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ?????????????. ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????????????? ???????頖 ??????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????, ????? ??????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????? ????????? (Reform Government Surveillance). ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????????, ??????? ?? ? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ? ????? ????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ????? ???? ??????????⠖ ??????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ??? ????????[36 - "Roosevelt Room," White House Museum, accessed February 20, 2019, http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/west-wing/roosevelt-room.htm (http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/west-wing/roosevelt-room.htm).]. ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????????, ? ???????? ?? ???????, ??????? ??? ???????, ? ??????????. ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????[37 - ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????-???????????? ????? 1898??. 1-? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????, ? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????.?? ????. ???.]. ? ????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ????????? 90?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????????.

??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???????. ????????? ????? ? ????-????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????????. ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????, ? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????????.

????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???, ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????. ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ??????????.

?? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ? ????????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ???. ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????, ?????????? Zynga, ????????, ??????????????? ??????-???? ??? ?????????? ?????, ?? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???,?? ?????? ??????,?? ? ???????? ? ??? ????? ????????????? ???????[38 - ??? ????????? ? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??, ??? ????? ??????? ????????. Seth Rosenblatt, "'Pardon Snowden,' One Tech Exec Tells Obama, Report Says," CNET, December 18, 2013, https://www.cnet.com/news/pardon-snowden-one-tech-exec-tells-obama-report-says/ (https://www.cnet.com/news/pardon-snowden-one-tech-exec-tells-obama-report-says/); Dean Takahashi, "Zynga's Mark Pincus Asked Obama to Pardon NSA Leaker Edward Snowden," VentureBeat, December 19, 2013, https://venturebeat.com/2013/12/19/zyngas-mark-pincus-asked-president-obama-to-pardon-nsa-leaker-edward-snowden/ (https://venturebeat.com/2013/12/19/zyngas-mark-pincus-asked-president-obama-to-pardon-nsa-leaker-edward-snowden/).].

???? ?????, ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ????????? ???????,?? ?????? ?????????. ?? ???????, ???, ? ??? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ???????????????, ????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ? ????? ???? ??????????.

????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? Yahoo ??????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ??????????: ?? ???????? ?? ????, ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ???,?? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????-?? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ????????:?? ????? ????. ? ??? ? ?? ????????. ??? ??????????.

? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????. ?????? ? ?????????????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????. ? ???? ?? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????-??, ???? ?? ?????????? ? ???? ? ??????, ???????? ? ????? ????.

???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????????. ???? ????????, ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ????, ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????, ???????, ?? ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????????????. ?????? ?? ????????, ???????????, ??? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ??????, ?? ? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????????????. ?? ???? ???? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????,?? ?????? ??.

? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ????????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????, ???? ? ????????????, ????????? ? ???????? ???. ?? ??????? ???????? ????????, ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ???, ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????????.

?????? ?????, 17??????? 2014??., ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????[39 - "Transcript of President Obama's Jan. 17 Speech on NSA Reform," Washington Post, January 17, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/full-text-of-president-obamas-jan-17-speech-on-nsa-reforms/2014/01/17/fa33590a-7f8c-11e3?9556?4a4bf7bcbd84_story.html?utm_term=.c8d2871c4f72 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/full-text-of-president-obamas-jan-17-speech-on-nsa-reforms/2014/01/17/fa33590a-7f8c-11e3%E2%80%939556%E2%80%934a4bf7bcbd84_story.html?utm_term=.c8d2871c4f72).]. ? ???? ????? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????, ???????? Microsoft ? Google ? ?????????????, ?? ??? ????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????????, ??? ??, ??????? ?? ?????????? ? ???? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????? ????. ????? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????. ???????? Google, ? ?? ?????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????.

? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???????????, ???? ? ?????????????. ??, ??? ????????????? ???????, ????????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ????, ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ????????, ??? ????????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ????-???????, ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ? ????????? ???????????, ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????.

????????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????, ????????? ? ??? ???, ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? The Guardian ?????????? ?? ?????????. ? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????, ?????????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ??????????????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ? ????? ????????.

??????, ???? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ??????, ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????. ?? ?????? ?????????, ?? ???????????? ? ??? ? ??????. ?????? ? ?????? 2014??. ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????: ??????? ??????? ???; ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????.




????? 2

?????????? ? ???????????? ????????????:

??? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ????? ??????????


???????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ? ???????????, ????? ??????? ????? ??, ? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????. ? XXI??. ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ? ????-??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????.

??? ??????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????, ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????.

???????, ????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ??????????????. ??????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ? 2002??., ????? 23??????? ? ??????, ????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? The Wall Street Journal ?????? ????[40 - "Reporter Daniel Pearl Is Dead, Killed by His Captors in Pakistan," Wall Street Journal, February 24, 2002, http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/pearl-022102.htm (http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/pearl-022102.htm).]. ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????-????, ?? ?? ??????? ? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????? Hotmail ??? ???????? ??????????, ????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????. ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ? ?????????? ? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? F-16 ?? ??????????? ??????. ???? ????, ??? ????????????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????????. ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????ࠖ ????? ???.

???????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ? ???, ??????? ?????????? ? ???. ??????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????, ? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????????, ????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????[41 - Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, Public Law 99?508, 99th Cong., 2d sess. (October 21, 1986), 18 U.S.C. ??2702.b.]. ????? ?????, ??????????, ???? ? ?????????.

???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ?????????. ? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ???. ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? Hotmail, ??????? ???????????? ??????????, ? ?? IP-?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????-???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ? ??? ? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ? ??????.

?? ??????????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????. ?????????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????????, ??????? ????? ?? ???, ????? ?????, ? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????.

???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????????? ????, ??? ??? ???????. ??????? ????????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???-?? ??????????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ? ??????????, ??? ? ??? ????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????.

????????, ????????? ? ???????? ??????, ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????. ? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????????, ??? ????? ??????????????????? ??????? ????? ? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????????, ??????? ? ???? ???????, ? ?????????????????? ???????, ??????? ? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????, ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????.

???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ? ???????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ? 1980-? ??.

? 1986??. ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? (Electronic Communications Privacy Act), ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ECPA. ? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???-???? ????? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ? ?????????????, ? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ??????.

??? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????, ? 1986??. ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????. ????????? ?????? ECPA ??? ????? ? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ? ???, ???????? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????????? ????????, ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????? ? ?????????[42 - Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, Public Law 99?508, 99th Cong., 2d sess. (October 21, 1986), 18 U.S.C. Chapter 121 ? ??2701 et seq.]. ???????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ??????. ? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????????.

??? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????. ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????, ???, ?????? ?????, ???-?????? ???????????? ? ????? ? ????????????. ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??, ?? ??????? ????, ????? ? ???. ???? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ??????????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???.

???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?? ??????????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????,?? ?? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????????. ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ????????, ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????????, ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???????????? ? ?????????????[43 - Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, Public Law 99?508, 99th Cong., 2d sess. (October 21, 1986), 18 U.S.C. ??2705.b.]. ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ? ?? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ? ?????堖 ??????? ???? ???????? ? ???????.

???? ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????????????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????????????? ? ????????????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ? ????????? ????-??????? ? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? 25 ??????? ?????????⠖ ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ? ??????, ??????, ???????? ? ????????????? ? ????? ?????????????? ????????????. ? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ? ???????? Microsoft ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? LENS. ?? ?????? ???????? ????????: ?????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????? ? ???????????? ? ????????????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????. ? ??????? LENS ???? ???? ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????. ? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????? 50?000 ??????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? 75 ?????[44 - "Law Enforcement Requests Report," Corporate Social Responsibility, Microsoft, last modified June 2018, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/about/corporate-responsibility/lerr/ (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/about/corporate-responsibility/lerr/).]. ????? ???? 3?% ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? IP-??????, ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????????.

?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ? Microsoft ?? ??????????? ?????. ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? ?????????????? ? ???, ??? ??? ????????????? ? ????????? ??????, ??? ? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????. ???? ??? ??????????????, ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????-??????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???, ? ??? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ? ?????? ????? ???????????? ? ????? ???????????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????????? LENS ???????? ???, ???? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????, ???????????????? ????????????? ? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????, ????????? ??? ?????????? ? ??? ??? ????????????????, ????? ????????? ? ?? ????????????.




????? ???????????????? ?????????.


????? ???????????? ??? ???????.

?????????? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (https://www.litres.ru/bred-smit/it-kak-oruzhie-kakie-opasnosti-tait-v-sebe-razvitie-vysokih-tehn/) ?? ??????.

????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, ?? ????? ?????????? ????????, ? ?????????? ?????????, ? ?????? ??? ??? ???????, ????? PayPal, WebMoney, ??????.??????, QIWI ???????, ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????.



notes


??????





1


????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????-??????. ???, ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ????????????? ???????? ? 2300??. ?? ?.??. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ???? 2000 ???????? ???????? ? ????????????????? ????????. ? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ? ????????, ? ????? ?????, ?????????? ?????, ?????? ? ????????. Lionel Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 3?4. ???????? ???????????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ???.

? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????????, ??????? ? ??????? ???????-???????????? ??????, ????? ? ??????????? ?, ???????, ? ????. ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????. ? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ?????????? ???????? ? 300??. ?? ?.??., ????????? 490?000 ???????. Casson, Libraries, 36. ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ? 121??. ?.??. ????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ? ??????????. James W. P. Campbell, The Library: A World History (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013), 95.




2


??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????. ? 1898??. ?????? ??????, ????????????? ?????????? ??????, ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????. ? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ????????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ?????, ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????.

??? ????? ??????? ????????????, ????? ???? ????? ????????, ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ????? ??????頖 ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????. ?? ??????????? ? ????? ?? ????????????? ? ??????????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???????, ? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????, ?? ???????? ????????. ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????. James Ward, The Perfection of the Paper Clip: Curious Tales of Invention, Accidental Genius, and Stationery Obsession (New?York: Atria Books, 2015), 255?56.




3


David Reinsel, John Gantz, and John Rydning, Data Age 2025: The Digitization of the World From Edge to Core (IDC White Paper?? #US44413318, Sponsored by Seagate), November 2018, 6, https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/our-story/trends/files/idc-seagate-dataage-whitepaper.pdf (https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/our-story/trends/files/idc-seagate-dataage-whitepaper.pdf).




4


??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????. ????? 60?% ???????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????.?? ????. ???.




5


Jo?o Marques Lima, "Data centres of the world will consume 1/5 of Earth's power by 2025," Data Economy, December 12, 2017, https://data-economy.com/data-centres-world-will-consume-1?5-earths-power-2025/ (https://data-economy.com/data-centres-world-will-consume-1%E2%80%935-earths-power-2025/).




6


Ryan Naraine, "Microsoft Makes Giant Anti-Spyware Acquisition," eWEEK, December 16, 2004, http://www.eweek.com/news/microsoft-makes-giant-anti-spyware-acquisition (http://www.eweek.com/news/microsoft-makes-giant-anti-spyware-acquisition).




7


??????????????? ??????????????? ?????? Microsoft ???????? ??????????, ??? ??? ??????, ??????? ??, ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????, ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? 2000-? ??. ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? 2009??. ?????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????????. European Commission, "Antitrust: Commission Accepts Microsoft Commitments to Give Users Browser Choice," December 16, 2009, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-09?1941_en.htm (http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-09%E2%80%931941_en.htm).

? ????? ?????????????? ????????????? ? ???? ?????? Microsoft ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ???????????. ??????????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ? ???? 1990??., ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??, ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????, ???????????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????? Windows. Andrew I. Gavil and Harry First, The Microsoft Antitrust Cases: Competition Policy for the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2014). ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????, ? ????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ?????? 28???? ??????, 21???????? 2018??. ? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????, ????????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? 27 ???????, ? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????, ??????? ? ?????????? ????????.

???? ??? ??????????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????????, ??? ?????? ??????. ? 1999??., ????? Microsoft ????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? XX??., ? ??? ????? ? ????, ??? ???????? ? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????, ??? Standard Oil, U. S. Steel, IBM ? AT&T, ?.??. ???, ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????. ????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????? AT&T ? 1913??., ?, ???? ? ? ??????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?? 1982??., ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???. ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? IBM ? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ? 1932??. ????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ? 1984??. ??? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ????, ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? IBM ??????? ?? ????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???. Tom Buerkle, "IBM Moves to Defend Mainframe Business in EU," New?York Times, July 8, 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/business/worldbusiness/IHT-ibm-moves-to-defend-mainframe-business-in-eu.html (https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/08/business/worldbusiness/IHT-ibm-moves-to-defend-mainframe-business-in-eu.html).

????????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ? ???, ??? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ? ???, ??? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ? ????????, ????????? ??????????? ? ???? ? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ???????????????.




8


Glenn Greenwald, "NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily," Guardian, June 6, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order).




9


Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill, "NSA Prism Program Taps In to User Data of Apple, Google and Others," Guardian, June 7, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data).




10


Benjamin Dreyfuss and Emily Dreyfuss, "What Is the NSA's PRISM Program? (FAQ)," CNET, June 7, 2013, https://www.cnet.com/news/what-is-the-nsas-prism-program-faq/ (https://www.cnet.com/news/what-is-the-nsas-prism-program-faq/).




11


?????? ???????, ??????? ??? ? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????, ???????????? ??? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????, ????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. Robert O'Harrow Jr., Ellen Nakashima, and Barton Gellman, "U.S., Company Officials: Internet Surveillance Does Not Indiscriminately Mine Data," Washington Post, June 8, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-company-officials-internet-surveillance-does-not-indiscriminately-mine-data/2013/06/08/5b3bb234-d07d-11e2?9f1a-1a7cdee20287_story.html?utm_term=.b5761610edb1 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-company-officials-internet-surveillance-does-not-indiscriminately-mine-data/2013/06/08/5b3bb234-d07d-11e2%E2%80%939f1a-1a7cdee20287_story.html?utm_term=.b5761610edb1).




12


Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill, and Laura Poitras, "Edward Snowden: The Whistleblower Behind the NSA Surveillance Revelations," Guardian, June 11, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance).




13


Michael B. Kelley, "NSA: Snowden Stole 1.7 Million Classified Documents and Still Has Access to Most of Them," Business Insider, December 13, 2013, https://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-docs-did-snowden-take-2013?12 (https://www.businessinsider.com/how-many-docs-did-snowden-take-2013%E2%80%9312).




14


Ken Dilanian, Richard A. Serrano, and Michael A. Memoli, "Snowden Smuggled Out Data on Thumb Drive, Officials Say," Los Angeles Times, June 13, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/13/nation/la-na-nsa-leaks-20130614 (http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/13/nation/la-na-nsa-leaks-20130614).




15


Nick Hopkins, "UK Gathering Secret Intelligence Via Covert NSA Operation," Guardian, June 7, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/07/uk-gathering-secret-intelligence-nsa-prism (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/07/uk-gathering-secret-intelligence-nsa-prism); ??.?????? Mirren Gidda, "Edward Snowden and the NSA Files?? Timeline," Guardian, August 21, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/23/edward-snowden-nsa-files-timeline (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/23/edward-snowden-nsa-files-timeline).




16


William J. Cuddihy, The Fourth Amendment: Origins and Meaning, 1602?1791 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 441.




17


??? ??, ?. 442.




18


??? ??, ?. 459.




19


Frederick S. Lane, American Privacy: The 400-Year History of Our Most Contested Right (Boston: Beacon Press, 2009),




20


David Fellman, The Defendant's Rights Today (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), 258.




21


William Tudor, The Life of James Otis, of Massachusetts: Containing Also, Notices of Some Contemporary Characters and Events, From the Year 1760 to 1775 (Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1823), 87?88. ????? ?????????, ????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ????????????? ? ??????????? 2????? 1776??. ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????, ????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????. Brad Smith, "Remembering the Third of July," Microsoft on the Issues (blog), Microsoft, July 3, 2014, https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2014/07/03/remembering-the-third-of-july/ (https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2014/07/03/remembering-the-third-of-july/).




22


David McCullough, John Adams (New?York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 62. William Cranch, Memoir of the Life, Character, and Writings of John Adams (Washington, DC: Columbian Institute, 1827), 15. ?????????????, ??? ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ? ???????. ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ? 2014??., ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????, ????????? ?? ?????????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ? ????????? ??????????????. Riley v. California, 573 U.S. _ (2014), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/13?132_8l9c.pdf (https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/13%E2%80%93132_8l9c.pdf), at 27?28. ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ? 2018??., ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ????????. Carpenter v. United States, No. 16?402, 585 U.S. (2017), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16?402_h315.pdf (https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16%E2%80%93402_h315.pdf), at 5.




23


Thomas K, Clancy, The Fourth Amendment: Its History and Interpretation (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2014), 69?74.




24


??????????? ???, ???????? IV.




25


Brent E. Turvey and Stan Crowder, Ethical Justice: Applied Issues for Criminal Justice Students and Professionals (Oxford: Academic Press, 2013), 182?83.




26


Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727 (1878).




27


Cliff Roberson, Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice, second edition (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2016), 50; Clancy, The Fourth Amendment, 91?104.




28


Charlie Savage, "Government Releases Once- Secret Report on Post-9/11 Surveillance," New?York Times, April 24, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/25/us/25stellarwind-ig-report.html (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/25/us/25stellarwind-ig-report.html).




29


Terri Diane Halperin, The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Testing the Constitution (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2016), 42?43.




30


??? ??, ?. 59?60.




31


David Greenberg, "Lincoln's Crackdown," Slate, November 30, 2001, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/11/lincoln-s-suspension-of-habeas-corpus.html (https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/11/lincoln-s-suspension-of-habeas-corpus.html).




32


T.?A. Frail, "The Injustice of Japanese-American Internment Camps Resonates Strongly to This Day," Smithsonian, January 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/injustice-japanese-americans-internment-camps-resonates-strongly-180961422/ (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/injustice-japanese-americans-internment-camps-resonates-strongly-180961422/).




33


Barton Gellman and Ashkan Soltani, "NSA Infiltrates Links to Yahoo, Google Data Centers Worldwide, Snowden Documents Say," Washington Post, October 30, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-infiltrates-links-to-yahoo-google-data-centers-worldwide-snowden-documents-say/2013/10/30/e51d661e-4166?11e3?8b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.5c2f99fcc376 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-infiltrates-links-to-yahoo-google-data-centers-worldwide-snowden-documents-say/2013/10/30/e51d661e-4166%E2%80%9311e3%E2%80%938b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.5c2f99fcc376).




34


"Evidence of Microsoft's Vulnerability," Washington Post, November 26, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/world/evidence-of-microsofts-vulnerability/621/ (https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/world/evidence-of-microsofts-vulnerability/621/).




35


Craig Timberg, Barton Gellman, and Ashkan Soltani, "Microsoft, Suspecting NSA Spying, to Ramp Up Efforts to Encrypt Its Internet Traffic," Washington Post, November 26, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/microsoft-suspecting-nsa-spying-to-ramp-up-efforts-to-encrypt-its-internet-traffic/2013/11/26/44236b48?56a9?11e3?8304-caf30787c0a9_story.html?utm_term=.69201c4e9ed8 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/microsoft-suspecting-nsa-spying-to-ramp-up-efforts-to-encrypt-its-internet-traffic/2013/11/26/44236b48%E2%80%9356a9%E2%80%9311e3%E2%80%938304-caf30787c0a9_story.html?utm_term=.69201c4e9ed8).




36


"Roosevelt Room," White House Museum, accessed February 20, 2019, http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/west-wing/roosevelt-room.htm (http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/west-wing/roosevelt-room.htm).




37


?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????-???????????? ????? 1898??. 1-? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????, ? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????.?? ????. ???.




38


??? ????????? ? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??, ??? ????? ??????? ????????. Seth Rosenblatt, "'Pardon Snowden,' One Tech Exec Tells Obama, Report Says," CNET, December 18, 2013, https://www.cnet.com/news/pardon-snowden-one-tech-exec-tells-obama-report-says/ (https://www.cnet.com/news/pardon-snowden-one-tech-exec-tells-obama-report-says/); Dean Takahashi, "Zynga's Mark Pincus Asked Obama to Pardon NSA Leaker Edward Snowden," VentureBeat, December 19, 2013, https://venturebeat.com/2013/12/19/zyngas-mark-pincus-asked-president-obama-to-pardon-nsa-leaker-edward-snowden/ (https://venturebeat.com/2013/12/19/zyngas-mark-pincus-asked-president-obama-to-pardon-nsa-leaker-edward-snowden/).




39


"Transcript of President Obama's Jan. 17 Speech on NSA Reform," Washington Post, January 17, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/full-text-of-president-obamas-jan-17-speech-on-nsa-reforms/2014/01/17/fa33590a-7f8c-11e3?9556?4a4bf7bcbd84_story.html?utm_term=.c8d2871c4f72 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/full-text-of-president-obamas-jan-17-speech-on-nsa-reforms/2014/01/17/fa33590a-7f8c-11e3%E2%80%939556%E2%80%934a4bf7bcbd84_story.html?utm_term=.c8d2871c4f72).




40


"Reporter Daniel Pearl Is Dead, Killed by His Captors in Pakistan," Wall Street Journal, February 24, 2002, http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/pearl-022102.htm (http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/pearl-022102.htm).




41


Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, Public Law 99?508, 99th Cong., 2d sess. (October 21, 1986), 18 U.S.C. ??2702.b.




42


Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, Public Law 99?508, 99th Cong., 2d sess. (October 21, 1986), 18 U.S.C. Chapter 121 ? ??2701 et seq.




43


Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, Public Law 99?508, 99th Cong., 2d sess. (October 21, 1986), 18 U.S.C. ??2705.b.




44


"Law Enforcement Requests Report," Corporate Social Responsibility, Microsoft, last modified June 2018, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/about/corporate-responsibility/lerr/ (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/about/corporate-responsibility/lerr/).



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